How to Get Leading Bloggers to Cover Your Startup or Product

How to Get Leading Bloggers to Cover Your Startup or Product © Shutterstock.com | Elena KharichkinaBloggers are a relatively newer but influential channel for a brand to reach its target audience. In this article, we will look at 1) the importance of bloggers, 2) steps to getting coverage from leading bloggers, and 3) examples of leading bloggers influence.IMPORTANCE OF BLOGGERSAs the world of marketing, PR and media evolves, bloggers represent the important cross section where public relations and the consumer meet. Bloggers can be found within almost every industry, who have managed to build names and credibility for themselves. With this fame and credibility comes influence. And this is where these bloggers can be extremely beneficial to companies in terms of reaching their target audience efficiently and effectively. With more competition, consumers are faced with too many choices and often do not know who’s message to trust. In this situation, a blogger’s endorsement can act as an excellent referral mechanism that is trustworthy for the target audience.According to research, as many as 71% of consumers will make a purchase after coming across a review from a trusted source via social media. Bloggers are among these trusted status and their influence stems directly from their audience. In 2013, Technorati released a Digital Influence Report that showed how consumers read blogs for an opinion about a product before deciding to go ahead and make a purchase. Blogs are listed as the third most influential digital resource, following retail and brand sites.A public relations expert or someone looking to handle. Big or small, new or established, all types of businesses and organizations seek out brand ambassadors and endorsements. This new channel has many benefits that a savvy entrepreneur cannot afford to miss out on.STEPS TO GETTING COVERAGE FROM LEADING BLOGGERSAs with any business relationship, nothing can be stepped into without adequate research, a plan of action and a clear expectations and goals. This is also true for forming lasting relationships with bloggers as part of your organization’s public relations strategy. Some key steps and important aspects of forming this relationship are discussed below.Step #1: Identify the Right BloggersThe first, and most important step is to research and locate the right and relevant bloggers to work with. You could pick an extremely popular one but without connection to the right industry, or you could pick the one most relevant to your product but not agree with their brand and image as a match for your brand. This is a task that requires time, patience and some detective work. Along with these, there needs to be a realistic expectation of what will emerge from the relationships. Top bloggers are also approached more frequently and will often have a backlog of messages to respond to as well as pending requests for reviews and endorsements.A good idea then may be to identify some top tier bloggers and some that are just starting out but have a goo d mix of followers. This will allow you to get the conversation around your product started while more established bloggers are reached. Start with a strategy and a plan of action and outline what the key criteria are for blogger selection. Some things to look out for in the right blogger include:Does the blogger write well?Is the content thoughtful and engaging?How regularly does the blogger post? Is it at least once or twice a week?Are there positive mentions or link backs from other, more respected bloggers?Is it easy to contact the blogger and do they respond appropriately?Some online tools can help find the right bloggers for your industry. These include:Klout â€" This service measures social media influence and covers both companies and individuals.Technorati â€" This is a blog directory that helps locate the most popular and influential blogs in an industry.Tomoson â€" This website matches bloggers with companies offering free samples for review.Page Rank Checker â€" Through this service, you can check any site’s Google PageRank, which identifies the site’s importance and position in search engine results.Step #2: Know Their Audience before Sending a PitchAs you select the bloggers that appear right for your product, brand and idea, you also need to consider if you work for their brand and image. Take some time to read through their blog and study the profile of their audience. Bloggers build up an audience based on their opinions about a particular area of interest. So if you approach the wrong blogger with your product, you may end up getting negative press. Maintain a database of each blogger you identify as a potential option and add in their handle, a profile of their audience, their areas of interest, blog address and where you are in forming a relationship with them.Step #3: Consider Your ApproachBloggers are generally open to communicating with new people. The nature of their chosen profession is public and they choose to openly write about their favorite topics, culture and industry. When approaching a blogger, look carefully through their website first. Most provide a brief message or policy statement about how they can be contacted and any dos and don’ts. Honoring their wishes helps establish the relationship on a positive note. Contact itself should be through a brief email, where you introduce yourself, establish why you contacted them, and make your intentions clear through a brief but effective pitch. Any supplementary information can be attached as well or provided on request. A good way to make your offer stand out from the crowd is to offer them something such as expert views on the industry, answer their questions or serve as an editorial resource.Step #4: Promote Blog ContentWhen communication has been established and the blogger reviews your product or service, then it is up to you to share their post on your blog, website and social media. This helps give your business credibility and is the reason for approaching bloggers in the first place. It also gives the blogger airtime which is a positive for them, driving more traffic to their site and increasing their followers. Let the blogger know that their post has been shared and where they can access it.Step #5: Build a Strong RelationshipA strong relationship needs to be built carefully from the ground up. This involves taking small but important steps and keeping up the effort till the relationship has been solidified. Even then, the work needed to continue to maintain this relationship is never over. A good way to begin is by engaging the blogger in question over social media. Reply to something they posted, retweet their post or comment on a new blog post. Start out small as a small blip on their radar. Start building this relationship before you actually need something in return. If you start out when a launch or an event is upcoming, then you are more likely to make desperate decisions or advances that are seen as pushy by the blogger. When introducing yourself, keep in mind how you can be of help to them and mention these options to them.Step #6: Build a Long-Term RelationshipAs with traditional media, it is good practice to keep in touch with an occasional email, call or message to make sure the relationship is built up over time. Relationships can even be maintained over social media by sharing and appreciating their posts or more in depth through coffee meetups to discuss opportunities. If you approach people without an agenda, they are more likely to entertain your requests without seeing any as selfish or one-sided.Step #7: Build Friendships not ContactsThe best way to approach blogger relationships is to form a friendship and not a business contact. This means that your communication with them should be individual and personalized, never part of a mass email containing many other people. This also does not mean becoming overly familiar before a comfort level has developed. The fine line between pe rsonal and professional needs to be maintained initially, till both parties are at the right level and understand each other. As friends, you will have the benefit of having your communication immediately noticed by the blogger and for them to have an incentive to put you at the front of their cue without needing to push for this.Step #8: Offer ExclusivesOften, to strengthen a relationship or even to build one, you may need to offer your blogger of choice an exclusive look and the option of reviewing a product before anyone else, often before it is launched in the market for mass consumers. Let the blogger know that they have exclusive access and they will most often be excited about coming on board. Bloggers want to be the influencer and though leaders in their community and this will help strengthen their position. Remember to let them make their own mind about the product. You may offer an exclusive but you cannot buy the content of their review. If the product is sound, I will s tand for itself and the review will be positive adding credibility to the exchange.Step #9: Follow-UpThe importance of strong follow-up cannot be minimized. This applies to the world of blogger relations as well. This does not mean that you send them a product and immediately start badgering for a response or a review. Give them adequate time to get around to your product, test it out and then ask if they require any further information or support from you to make their review process easier. This can help tie down a date for the review and helps make sure that the product does not slip through any cracks.Step #10: Thank and Give CreditThis an obvious point but one that can be neglected because of being so obvious. People may forget to do so but thanking a blogger for their support and providing the right credit goes a long way towards establishing a positive relationship. Never forget common courtesy and remember to put in the same effort at the end of a transaction as you do at th e beginning, when you are trying to secure their support.EXAMPLES OF LEADING BLOGGERS INFLUENCELorna JaneKristen Mathews, marketing and community manager at  GroupHigh, a blogger identification and analysis platform writes about Australian brand Lorna Jane. She mentions how brands either work with blogger networks or agencies, or own their blogger relationships in-house.Lorna Jane managed to create a blogger outreach program in the middle of these two approaches. The brand began in Australia and sells yoga and running clothes. It has been gathering success rapidly in the United States. A big part of this success is their focus on blogger outreach.Blogger OutreachThe company works hard to create ongoing and long term relationships with the right bloggers. The company uses a campaign approach to scale different products and messaging. The company makes sure that its blogger outreach strategy is aligned with its marketing strategy. The company maintains a network of bloggers, who are f ans of the brand and continue to write about it on a continuing basis.With each new store opening, the company reaches out to the brand fans in that city and they are invited to come visit the store, try on the products and take home a free item. This creates true word of mouth buzz about the store that is not manufactured or paid for.When a specific area needs to be promoted, the company works out a scalable and scheduled campaign with its blogger network. Working with bloggers helps a brand achieve a network effect. This means that a group of people who have influence over their unique customer base post about a brand or product at a scheduled time. This means a positive outpour for the brand across social media channels by multiple influencing forces, leading to immediate brand awareness and buzz.KoogalThis online store was created by Australian Tram Tran in February 2013. The brand sells fashion items to women in the age range of 16 to 26. The company began when Tran was still i n university and sold clothes on eBay. She eventually made the decision to make her own store to cut out the fees she needed to pay eBay and PayPal.Once an online store was established, Tran realized the need to bring people into it. She used two strategies. The first was Google Adwords and the second was Blogger outreach. Says Tran, I researched all the keywords and figured out which ones had the best success rate when it comes to conversions. We set a budget of how much we would spend a day. We started out with $20 a day. Now weve increased it to $40 a day.Blogger OutreachApart from Adwords, Tran also realized the need to understand how her target market made purchase decisions. She began by looking at what the target market was reading. Since she was a big fan of fashion blogs herself, she decided to use this channel to market her brand. She identified bloggers and sent them sample products. These were mostly dresses and in 2013, she sent more than 40 dresses out to bloggers. Alm ost all of these bloggers featured the dress on their blog. With each feature, traffic to Tran’s site would increase as much as 5 times the normal amount as well as a substantial increase in sales revenue. Tran doesn’t pay a majority of the bloggers, so the cost of advertising is minimal. Where she does pay, usually to more popular bloggers, this is disclosed in the review or feature.

High School Students Should Not Receive An Education Essay

Throughout my days of being a high school student I have always been dedicated to doing all of my work and trying my best to do well in school. Might have had certain times where I didn’t feel like doing things but majority of the years in high school I have been working hard to get where I am at right now. The fundamental principle in Rich’s article is that females, as students should not receive an education, but to claim one. In Adrienne Rich s commencement speech, Claiming an Education  , Rich expresses her opinion on women s education and how it should be. Throughout history, women have had little chance to even get a higher education. While this has changed, what is taught has not. In today s society, it is necessary to change things that were previously unheard of. What is taught today is taught from a man s point of view. Not just man in general however. Women and minorities are, for the most part, excluded from giving their point of view. Adrienne Rich writes of the importance of claiming or receiving an education, a dilemma faced in most schools and curriculums across the world. Rich says that both students and professors are a part of the problem, â€Å"but ultimately those two parts are indivisible,† (1). Rich points out the problems with institutionalized education and says that â€Å"if university education means anything beyond the processing of human beings into expected roles, thr ough credit hours, tests, and grades, †¦ it implies an ethical and intellectualShow MoreRelatedThe American Education System1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system is set up to create a clear division between the social classes. The quality of the education that children receive depends on whether they attend an elite school or urban schools. Elite schools are located in upper class neighborhoods. Students who attend elite schools receive high quality education. 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Because more often times than not higher education to a high school senior means a chance at success. But choosing the right college depends on how one defines this term. The textbook definition of success is the accomplishment of an aim or purpose. So then the question becomes, what is the purpose of higher education? Is it to prepare us for one specific

The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous...

According to the Cornell University Law School’s ‘Legal Information Institute’, self-determination ‘denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order’. As a major concept of international law, self-determination gives people the right to control their own fates under certain fundamental criteria, and can be claimed by a minority that bases its lifestyle on an ethnic identity that is distinguishable from regular society, with a strong desire for cultural preservation. It has been considered to be a framework with the ability to guide legislative reforms within Australia, with an underlying ‘rights- based’ approach to Indigenous Issues. Self-determination is considered to be an important aspect of the legal system in regards to Indigenous Peoples, as it provides them a process of choice, to guarantee the practice of Indigenous social, cultural and economic needs. The 2007 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) states that ‘Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development’. The right to self-determination is born from the legal and cultural acknowledgement of Indigenous peoples as Australia’s first settlers, and is important in the context of the Australian Legal System. Self-determination may be used by the courts to interpret domestic legislation, as well asShow MoreRelatedThe Contemporary Concern Of Indigenous People At The International Platform Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe contemporary concern for indigenous people at the international platform gained its popularity from the long-standing Sui generis deviation of self-determination standard, that supplements the Sui generis deviation which the twentieth century classic colonialism repr esents (Anaya 1996). 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The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect Free Essays

We have always been fascinated by Darwin and his theories of evolution. With so many â€Å"schools of thought† of how the earth came into existence, it seemed impossible to narrow down our choices, analyze each theory, and prove everything that it postulates. It was a clear indication that the search for our ancestors, and the â€Å"missing link† will continue until an answer is sought. We will write a custom essay sample on The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, will we ever find out? For now, that remains to be seen. The Neanderthal man is believed to be one of the â€Å"missing links† in our ancestry. Like the Cro-Magnon man, Peking man, and Java man, this â€Å"species† became extinct 32,000 years ago. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the Neanderthal man and the possible theories that might have led to his extinction. The remains of the Neanderthal man, also known as Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, was discovered in 1856 by workers quarrying for limestone in Neander Valley, Dusseldorf, Germany. These fossils were also found in other parts of Europe and Asia. They were considered a subspecies of humans because upon examination, they had features that are almost similar with humans, except for heavy brow ridges, a long low skull, and a robust skeleton (Foley, 2002). Neanderthals were shorter than the modern man, and as previously stated, had prominent brow ridges. Aside from that, they had low, sloping foreheads, a chinless and heavy, forward-jutting jaw, extremely large front teeth, wider shoulders and pelvis, more conical rib cage, and shorter forearms and lower legs (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005). Some scientists, majority of which are paleoanthropoloists, claim that these were not a subspecies of humans because of their more â€Å"primitive† appearance. According to Stringer and Gamble (1993), the Neanderthals are a late form of Homo erectus or a descendant of that species. It was believed that the Neanderthals have been living in Europe 200,000 years before the Homo sapiens arrived (BBC News, 2007).In van der Dennen’s Book Review Essay on Neanderthal Man (2005), he stated that: This was the first evidence of a distinct (and now extinct) species or subspecies of human, Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, that lived during the later part of the Pleistocene epoch, more familiarly known as the Ice Age, some 200,000 to 30,000 years ago. During 1917, Emil Bachler, in one of his excavations in the mountains of Switzerland, found no fossils of the Neanderthals (Van der Dennen, 2005). However, Mousterian tools and the remains of many cave bears were in abundance. Mousterian tools were most closely associated with Neanderthals. Bachler also felt that the bones and the tools were part of a ritual, and believed that the Neanderthals practice some sort of   â€Å"bear cult† (Van der Dennen, 2005). This led to the notion that the Neanderthals, like humans, had some form of communication and â€Å"culture†. When the fossil of this subspecies was studied by world-renowned pathologist and anatomist, Rudolf Virchow, he found out that the remains had evidence of rickets and osteoporosis, and he attributed this to the ape-like appearance of Neanderthals. Rickets and Osteoporosis is a manifestation of Vitamin D deficiency. Francis Ivanhoe (1970) in his paper supported Virchow’s   statement and postulated that the disease causes skeletal deformities and enlargement of the liver and spleen (Thompson, 2002). This maybe true because in the Pleistocene epoch, more commonly referred to as the â€Å"IceAge†, sunlight was a rarity. Vitamin D, in itself is stored in an inactive form and in order for it to be utilized by the body, it needs to be converted to its active form by UV rays (good source, sunlight). Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of fossils recovered during this era had evidence of bone deformities. However, Trinkaus and Shipman (1992), claimed that Neanderthal features are not caused by these bone diseases and argued that the bones of the 1st Neanderthal, were about 50% thicker than the average modern man. Klein (1989), supported this idea by comparing the long bones of Neanderthals and those of rickets’ victims. He claimed that both of their long bones are more curved than normal but rickets causes a sideways curvature of the femur, while Neanderthal femurs curve backwards. If Neanderthals are more human than ape, then it should follow that these subspecies should have survived today. Surprisingly, this is not the case. One of the earliest theories of the extinction believe that the â€Å"Ice Age† era, with its harsh climate, could have killed the Neanderthals. It points out that during this period, it was not only the climate that affected them, but the scarcity of resources were a factor as well. However, Professor Katerina Harvati, a palaeoanthroplogist from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Germany, said: â€Å"The more controversial date of circa 24,000 years ago, places the last Neanderthals just before a major climate shift that would have been characterised by a large expansion of ice sheets and the onset of cold conditions in northern Europe† (Morrelle, 2007). Another theory is is the â€Å"candelabra model† or â€Å"multiregional evolution† theory. According to Trinkaus and Shipman (1992): â€Å"Though the evidence in different regions of the Old World records genuinely different events, nowhere is there evidence for violent confrontations between Neandertals and modern humans (myths notwithstanding). The mosaic of local evolution, migration, admixture, absorption, or local extinction of Neandertals was a complex process that occurred over the last 10,000 years† (p.416). But, Tattersall (2005), in his book, had another theory. He is convinced that the extinction of Homo neanderthalensis was brought about by the arrival of the more intelligent and   more adaptable Homo sapiens, and that the latter killed the race of the former. On his book he wrote: â€Å"It is vanishingly unlikely, however, that peaceful assimilation was an overall option, with groups of the two kinds of humans [the resident Homo neanderthalensis and the invading Homo sapiens or Cro-Magnons] exchanging members when they met and going their separate ways, or joining forces. More likely, perhaps, if intermixing is to be considered at all, is a scenario of well-equipped and cunning Homo sapiens descending on Neanderthal groups, killing the males – through strategy and guile, certainly not through strength – and abducting the females†(p. 202). However, there was no evidence of large scale killings (Richards, 1987), and the theory of â€Å"Biological displacement† was proposed. It states that the Neanderthals and modern man (Cro-Magnons), coexisted and lived side by side. But, due to the fact that humans are much more intelligent than these subspecies, they might have indirectly led to the extinction of Neanderthals by driving them away from their territories. These led to occasional violence between the groups, but, as expected the humans won, driving them to places with insufficient resources for sustenance. Ironicallly, the very species that are studying these Neanderthals are the cause of their extinction. Works Cited â€Å"Neanderthal Man.† Columbia Encyclopedia 6th edition. 2005. Foley, Jim. â€Å"Creationist Arguments: Neandertals† 31 October 2002. Talkorigins. 14 September 2007 http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/a_neands.html Ivanhoe, Francis. â€Å"Was Virchow Right About Neanderthal?† 1970. Nature, 227:577-579 Klein, Richard. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 1989. Morrelle, Rebecca. â€Å"Neanderthal Climate Link Debated†. 13 September 2007 BBC News. 15 September 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6992721.stm Richards, G. Human Evolution: An Introduction for the Behavioural Sciences. 1987. Stringer, Andrew and Clive Gamble. In Search of Neanderthals. 1993. Tattersall, Ian. The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. 2005. Thompson, Bert. â€Å"Neanderthal Man – Another Look.† May 2002. Apologetics Press. 15 September 2007 http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/491 Trinkaus, E., and P. Shipman. The Neanderthals: Changing the Images of   Mankind. 1992. Van der Dennen, Johan. â€Å"The Continuing Essay of Neanderthal Man: Book Essay.† 2005. Rechten University of Goningen. 15 September 2007 http://rechten.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/departments/Algemeen/overigepublicaties/2005enouder/NEANDER/NEANDER.pdf â€Å"The Day We Learned To Think – Programme Summary.† 20 February 2007. BBC News. 14 September 2007 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/learnthink.shtml    How to cite The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect, Essay examples

New England DBQ Essay Example

New England DBQ Essay Even though the New England and Chesapeake regions were settled by people from the same country, they developed into very different societies because their original settlers were tremendously diverse. The Chesapeake region inclined more towards work and business, while the New England region was very family oriented. While the emigrants to the Chesapeake region came for financial reasons, the Puritans came to New England to run from religious persecution. And finally, the Chesapeake area was very unstable and under conflict while the North maintained law and order. Emigrants to the Chesapeake settled primarily for financial reasons, and the Puritans settled the New England area for religious matters. As we know, the Puritans originally settled in the Mass. Bay Area Colony and believed they were on a mission from God. God almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath disposedwe must knit together in this and work as one man (doc. A). The Puritans believed that they were an examp le for the rest of the world and that the eyes of all people are upon us. Emigrants to the Chesapeake region moved for financial reasons, most likely being young, indentured servants. Some of them believed that there was a treasure of gold in the colonies. They dug gold, washed gold, refined old, and loaded gold (doc. F). The emigrants were usually young, around ages 19-30 (doc. C) looking for a means of financial gain. Moving on, the Puritans of the New England area usually came to the New World with their entire families, while emigrants to the Chesapeake region were single, mostly young men. The Puritans hoped to establish communities in New England, thus they brought along their whole family. Joseph Hull, a minister, brought along his wife, 7 kids, and servants to the New World (doc. B). These people literally dug out their roots and planted them in the New World. On the other hand, emigrants to the Chesapeake region came to the bi

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland Reykjavik is the capital city of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country and with its latitude of 64Ëš08N, it is the worlds northernmost capital city for an independent nation. Reykjavik has a population of 120,165 people (2008 estimate) and its metropolitan area or the Greater Reykjavik area has a population of 201,847 people. It is the only metropolitan area in Iceland. Reykjavik is known as being Icelands commercial, governmental and cultural center. It is also known as being the worlds Greenest City for its use of hydro and geothermal power. What to Know About Iceland The following is a list of ten more facts to know about Reykjavik, Iceland: 1) Reykjavik is believed to have been the first permanent settlement in Iceland. It was established in 870 C.E. by Ingà ³lfr Arnarson. The original name of the settlement was Reykjarvik which loosely translated to the Bay of Smokes due to the regions hot springs. The additional r in the citys name was gone by 1300. 2) In the 19th century Icelanders began to push for independence from Denmark and because Reykjavik was the regions only city, it became the center of these ideas. In 1874 Iceland was given its first constitution, which gave it some legislative power. In 1904, executive power was given to Iceland and Reykjavik became the location of the minister for Iceland. 3) During the 1920s and 1930s, Reykjavik became the center of Icelands fishing industry, especially that of salt-cod. During World War II, the allies occupied the city, despite the German occupation of Denmark in April 1940. Throughout the war, both American and British soldiers built bases in Reykjavik. In 1944 the Republic of Iceland was founded and Reykjavik was named as its capital. 4) Following WWII and Icelands independence, Reykjavik began to grow considerably. People began to move to the city from Icelands rural areas as jobs increased in the city and agriculture became less important to the country. Today, finance and information technology are important sectors of Reykjaviks employment. 5) Reykjavik is the economic center of Iceland and Borgartà ºn is the financial center of the city. There are over 20 major companies in the city and there are three international firms with headquarters there. As a result of its economic growth, Reykjaviks construction sector is also growing. 6) Reykjavik is considered a multicultural city and in 2009, foreign-born peoples made up 8% of the citys population. The most common groups of ethnic minorities are Poles, Filipinos, and Danes. 7) The city of Reykjavik is located in southwest Iceland at only two degrees south of the Arctic Circle. As a result, the city gets only four hours of sunlight on its shortest day in the winter and during the summer it receives almost 24 hours of daylight. 8) Reykjavik is located on Icelands coast so the citys topography consists of peninsulas and coves. It also has some islands that were once connected to the mainland during the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. The city is spread out over a large distance with an area of 106 square miles (274 sq km) and as a result, it has a low population density. 9) Reykjavik, like most of Iceland, is geologically active and earthquakes are not uncommon in the city. In addition, there is volcanic activity nearby as well as hot springs. The city is also powered by hydro and geothermal energy. 10) Although Reykjavik is located near the Arctic Circle it has a much milder climate than other cities at the same latitude due to its coastal location and the nearby presence of the Gulf Stream. Summers in Reykjavik are cool while winters are cold. The average January low temperature is 26.6ËšF (-3ËšC) while the average July high temperature is 56ËšF (13ËšC) and it receives about 31.5 inches (798 mm) of precipitation per year. Because of its coastal location, Reykjavik is also usually very windy year round. Sources:Wikipedia.com. Reykjavik - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution Arnold Expedition - Conflict Dates: The Arnold Expedition took place from September to November 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Arnold Expedition - Army Commander: Colonel Benedict Arnold1,100 men Arnold Expedition - Background: Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen approached the Second Continental Congress with arguments in favor of invading Canada.   They felt this a prudent course as all of Quebec was held by around 600 regulars and intelligence indicated that the French-speaking population would be favorably inclined towards the Americans.   Additionally, they pointed out that Canada could serve as a platform for British operations down Lake Champlain and the Hudson Valley.   These arguments were initially rebuffed as Congress expressed concern over angering the residents of Quebec.   As the military situation shifted that summer, this decision was reversed and Congress directed Major General Philip Schuyler of New York to advance north via the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River corridor. Unhappy that he had not been chosen to lead the invasion, Arnold traveled north to Boston and met with General George Washington whose army was conducting a siege of the city.   During their meeting, Arnold proposed taking a second invasion force north via Maines Kennebec River, Lake Mà ©gantic, and Chaudià ¨re River.   This would then unite with Schuyler for a combined assault on Quebec City.   Corresponding with Schuyler, Washington obtained the New Yorkers agreement with Arnolds proposal and gave the colonel permission to commence planning the operation.   To transport the expedition, Reuben Colburn was contracted to build a fleet of bateaux (shallow draft boats) in Maine. Arnold Expedition - Preparations: For the expedition, Arnold selected a force of 750 volunteers which was divided into two battalions led by Lieutenant Colonels Roger Enos and Christopher Greene.   This was augmented by companies of riflemen led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Morgan.   Numbering around 1,100 men, Arnold expected his command to be able to cover the 180 miles from Fort Western (Augusta, ME) to Quebec in around twenty days.   This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61.   Though Montresor was a skilled military engineer, his map lacked detail and possessed inaccuracies.   Having gathered supplies, Arnolds command moved to Newburyport, MA where it embarked for the Kennebec River on September 19.   Ascending the river, it arrived at Colburns home in Gardiner the next day. Coming ashore, Arnold was disappointed in the bateaux constructed by Colburns men.   Smaller than anticipated, they were also built from green wood as sufficient dried pine had not been available.   Briefly pausing to permit additional bateaux to be assembled, Arnold dispatched parties north to Forts Western and Halifax.   Moving upstream, the bulk of the expedition reached Fort Western by September 23.   Departing two days later, Morgans men took the lead while Colburn followed the expedition with a group of boatwrights to make repairs as necessary.   Though the force reached the last settlement on the Kennebec,  Norridgewock Falls, on October 2,  problems were already widespread as the green wood led to the bateaux leaking badly which in turn destroyed food and supplies.   Similarly, worsening weather caused health issues throughout the expedition.   Ã‚         Arnold Expedition - Trouble in the Wilderness: Forced to portage the bateaux around Norridgewock Falls, the expedition was delayed for a week due to the effort required to move the boats overland.   Pushing on, Arnold and his men entered the Dead River before arriving at the Great Carrying Place on October 11.   This portage around an unnavigable stretch of the river stretched for twelve miles and included an elevation gain of around 1,000 feet.   Progress continued to be slow and supplies became an increasing concern.   Returning to the river on October 16, the expedition, with Morgans men in the lead, battled heavy rains and a strong current as it pushed upstream.   A week later, disaster struck when several bateaux carrying provisions overturned.   Calling a council of war, Arnold decided to press on and dispatched a small force north to attempt to secure supplies in Canada.   Also, the sick and injured were sent south. Trailing behind Morgan, Greenes and Enos battalions increasingly suffered from a lack of provisions and were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax.   While Greenes men resolved to continue, Enos captains voted to turn back.   As a result, around 450 men departed the expedition.   Nearing the height of land, the weaknesses of Montresors maps became apparent and the lead elements of the column repeatedly became lost.   After several missteps, Arnold finally reached  Lake Mà ©gantic on October 27 and began descending the upper Chaudià ¨re a day later.   Having achieved this goal, a scout was sent back to Greene with directions through the region.   These proved inaccurate and a further two days were lost.    Arnold Expedition - Final Miles: Encountering the local population on October 30, Arnold distributed a letter from Washington asking them to assist the expedition.   Joined on the river by the bulk of his force the next day, he received food and care for his sick from those in the area.   Meeting Jacques Parent, a resident of Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned that the British were aware of his approach and had ordered all boats on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to be destroyed.   Moving down the  Chaudià ¨re, the Americans arrived at Pointe-Levi, across from Quebec City, on November 9.   Of Arnolds original force of 1,100 men, around 600 remained.   Though he had believed the route to be around 180 miles, in actuality it had totaled approximately 350. Arnold Expedition - Aftermath: Concentrating his force at the mill of John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman, Arnold began making plans for crossing the St. Lawrence.   Purchasing canoes from the locals, the Americans crossed on the night of November 13/14 and were successful in evading two British warships in the river.   Approaching the city on November 14, Arnold demanded its garrison surrender.   Leading a force consisting of around 1,050 men, many of which were raw militia, Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean refused.   Short on supplies, with his men in poor condition, and lacking artillery, Arnold withdrew to  Pointe-aux-Trembles five days later to await reinforcements. On December 3, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who had replaced an ill Schuyler, arrived with around 300 men.   Though he had moved up Lake Champlain with a larger force and captured Fort St. Jean on the  Richelieu River, Montgomery had been forced to leave many of his men as garrisons at Montreal and elsewhere along the route north.   Assessing the situation, the two American commanders decided to assault Quebec City on the night of December 30/31.   Moving forward, they were repelled with heavy losses in the Battle of Quebec and Montgomery was killed.   Rallying the remaining troops, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to depart with the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was compelled to retreat following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being beaten at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, the Americans were forced to retreat back into N ew York, ending the invasion of Canada.      Ã‚         Selected Sources: Arnold Expedition Historical SocietyArnolds Expedition to QuebecMaine Encyclopedia: Arnold Expedition