Histology Detective and Brains Cape Essay

This contextual analysis centers around the recognizable proof of metastatic tissues †cells that are â€Å"out of place† causing tumors somewhere else in the body. Name the cells you recognized in this example of lung tissue and the primary attributes that you can use to recognize them. From the perception of the example there are assortment of cells which can be distinguished as melanocytes. The primary qualities that can be utilized in recognizing them is their connection to the separated squamous epithelial tissue. Besides, they are bigger and darker contrasted with the encompassing calls. Melanocytes are thickly pressed and have just a single core. How could you utilize the principle qualities of various tissues that you learned in your talk and lab areas as the reason for recognizing those cells liable for the tumor? I applied my histology information from my talks in recognizing the highlights of various cells. I had information on how melanocytes and the common cells look like on a slide henceforth it was exceptionally simple recognizing and depicting the cells. The cells under perceptions were unusual from their look. They were bigger in size, darker in shading and round. Additionally. Their core were bigger contrasted with the different core of the typical cells and has less cytoplasm. The melanocytes on the slide is consistently darker contrasted with the ordinary cells. As per Garbe et al (2010), there exists critical contrasts between the tumor cells and the local cells since the tumor cells are across the board in the extracellular liquid, are bigger, a lot darker and all the more so block molded. Then again, the local cells are stuffed thickly, littler, and extended. Notwithstanding the data for the situation introduction (counting the sites contained for the situation itself), what other data did you find to decide the personality of the cells and whether one sort of cell had moved from somewhere else in the body? Where did you discover this data? What does every one of these extra things add to the arrangement of the case? For instance, the thing contains information from explicit tests, preliminaries, or investigations, or presents examinations that can be utilized to comprehend the fundamental issues for this situation. The article â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma: European agreement based interdisciplinary guideline† gave exploratory outlining melanoma parts. This avowed local cells can be separated from the obtrusive cells by highlights, for example, course of action, structure and shading. The investigation utilized histology in distinguishing the intrusive cells from the non-obtrusive ones (Garbe et al, 2010). In the NIH article, â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma,† significantly the examination depended on histology. The examination recognized completely created melanoma and the early melanoma by arranging their histological highlights. Additionally, they distinguished melanoma stages and various kinds of melanoma with use of histology (NIH et al, 1992). In the third investigation, specialist doctors in two colleges in three distinctive melanoma instances of different inceptions in the body. Be that as it may, all the qualities of the anomalous cells were recognized to be melanocytes. The distinguished strange highlights of the cells are like the ones for this situation study, thus demonstrating that the unusual cells saw in the lung tissue were melanocytes (Sonda et al, 2008). What different discoveries or data for this situation are reliable with the data you found? Name those similitudes in every one of your extra assets. How do these assets apply what you have found out about distinguishing tissues and cells histologically? From the article I looked into, there was likeness with the contextual investigation in numerous zones. To start with, all the examinations and the case utilized a comparable technique in diagnosing melanoma. They applied the cells histological attributes in deciding their status whether they are noninvasive or obtrusive cells. The attributes recognized aided in arrangement of the cells and in deciding their birthplace. What discoveries or data in every one of the extra assets are not reliable with the discoveries for this situation? Name those distinctions in every one of your extra assets. How do these assets apply what you have found out about recognizing tissues and cells histologically? In the article â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma,† the examination stated that the cells making melanoma were the delineated melanoma epithelium (NIH et al, 1992). This negates the consequences of the case In the event that your proposed goals of the case is right, what different perceptions may we hope to discover for this situation? Different perceptions we may discover incorporate metastasis of the tumor to different organs thus the patients could experience the ill effects of other aggravated issues like neurological issues, absorption and dying. Give your answer for this case and, on a size of 1â€5, rate how certain you are in your decisions in questions 1 and 2 I would rate my certainty at 5 out of 5 due to the perceptible attributes of melanoma In considering your goals and level of certainty level from question 8, depict how you found the data you utilized for this situation. To start the hunt, I began with the most far reaching information base that is Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (NINAH) (Kennedy 2009). The hunt at that point kept on looking through motors, for example, British Nursing Index, MEDLINE. In addition PubMed and NCBI were other significant web crawlers which helped a portion of the applicable articles. These web crawlers were utilized in light of the fact that they contained the greater part of the friend audit articles and books. To constrain and limit the quest for articles, inner pursuits of the databases was utilized by embeddings full length of writings and looking through the applicable articles from the rundown of diaries showed. Also, I restricted myself to the present articles of as long as 5 years What you may do any other way on the off chance that you had it to do over once more? For instance, OK utilize various assets and systems? Diverse information?First, I would utilize distinctive applicable articles to make sidekicks of various examinations. In addition, I would have a go at utilizing bunch work to get suppositions and contentions of various gathering part. References Garbe, C., Peris, K., Hauschild, A., Saiag, P., Middleton, M., Spatz, A., Grob, J. J., †¦ Eggermont, A. (January 01, 2010). Finding and treatment of melanoma: European accord based interdisciplinary rule. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 2, 270-283. Recovered from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959353Kennedy, J. R. (2009). Library inquire about manual for training: showed search technique and sources. Ann Arbor, Mich, Pierian Press.NIH Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Melanoma, and National Institutes of Health (U.S.). (1992). Analysis and treatment of early melanoma. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Office of Medical Applications of Research. Recovered from http://consensus.nih.gov/1992/1992Melanoma088html.htmSonda, Vemon K., MD, Zager, Jonathan S., MD, Messiana, Jane L., MD. Hemonc today. (2008, Oct 10). Recovered from http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid =37772 Source report

Lilian Fadermans Queer

Lilian Faderman’s primary contention focused on the theory that a few individuals from the gay and lesbian network â€Å"have understood the political force that is inalienable in renaming oneself, and the viability of taking a word and diffusing its sting through asserting it as your own† (Faderman, 2004, p.543). She was alluding to the word â€Å"queer† and how it had advanced as a derogatory term heaved at gays and lesbians to a term that was acknowledged by the gay and lesbian community.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Lilian Faderman’s Queer explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first run through Faderman heard the word eccentric, she was still in grade school. She didn't have the foggiest idea about its importance. Be that as it may, when she grasped the lesbian way of life, she figured out how to loathe the noteworthiness of this word in her life. The explanation of her disturbance is connected to the way tha t â€Å"queer† was a term utilized as an affront. She was likewise outraged on the grounds that the word had nonsexual undertones that exemplified ideas identified with the terms odd, erratic and dubious. The gay and lesbian network was not the first to utilize this procedure. Faderman recognized the way that it was the African-American people group who previously used this strategy when they received the term â€Å"black† and instituted mottos to diffuse the pessimistic effect of the previously mentioned word. A genuine case of the motto was an expression â€Å"Black is beautiful.† Faderman included that by utilizing this trick, the abused party had the option to take the intensity of the derogatory term to hurt and change it into a system used to recuperate injured emotions and harmed pride. Faderman additionally brought up that the lesbian and gay networks were not restricted to the word strange when it went to the need to change the importance of a defamator y word. Previously, there were different names that gay and lesbian endeavored to rethink lastly prevailing to do. Notwithstanding, Faderman said that regardless of whether many guaranteed triumph in this topic, it more likely than not been clarified that there were different individuals from the gay and lesbian network who questioned the utilization of the term. The effect of the word made an inconvenience inside them, and they contended that they despite everything thought about the term as an affront to themselves and their character. Faderman, in any case, made the declaration that for the individuals who grasped the word strange, the response could be isolated into two distinct gatherings. The principal bunch responded in a manner that brought about diminishing the effect of the derisive term. The subsequent gathering, then again, utilized the term as a fight cry.Advertising Looking for exposition on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More concerning the subsequent gathering, they made another network with a promotion. They named their association Queer Nation. It was suggestive of the extreme aggressor strategies of the 1960s. Delegates of the subsequent gathering contended that there was a need to supplant the term gay. Before, the word gay was utilized as insubordinate mark, however today, its significance and meaning have changed to recommend that the term reject blacks, destitute individuals and ladies. Faderman finished the article by saying that the new term turned into a battling word. The planned impact isn't just to alleviate the negative effect of the derogatory word. In certain quarters, the word eccentric was a call to war as well as turned into an expression of pride and an admonition to heteros that individuals from the gay and lesbian network won't bargain what they have faith in. Reference Faderman, L. (2004). Investigating language. Dad: Pennsylvania State University Press. This exposition on Lilian Faderman’s Queer was composed and presented by client Bruno Ward to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

How to Get Leading Bloggers to Cover Your Startup or Product

How to Get Leading Bloggers to Cover Your Startup or Product © Shutterstock.com | Elena KharichkinaBloggers are a relatively newer but influential channel for a brand to reach its target audience. In this article, we will look at 1) the importance of bloggers, 2) steps to getting coverage from leading bloggers, and 3) examples of leading bloggers influence.IMPORTANCE OF BLOGGERSAs the world of marketing, PR and media evolves, bloggers represent the important cross section where public relations and the consumer meet. Bloggers can be found within almost every industry, who have managed to build names and credibility for themselves. With this fame and credibility comes influence. And this is where these bloggers can be extremely beneficial to companies in terms of reaching their target audience efficiently and effectively. With more competition, consumers are faced with too many choices and often do not know who’s message to trust. In this situation, a blogger’s endorsement can act as an excellent referral mechanism that is trustworthy for the target audience.According to research, as many as 71% of consumers will make a purchase after coming across a review from a trusted source via social media. Bloggers are among these trusted status and their influence stems directly from their audience. In 2013, Technorati released a Digital Influence Report that showed how consumers read blogs for an opinion about a product before deciding to go ahead and make a purchase. Blogs are listed as the third most influential digital resource, following retail and brand sites.A public relations expert or someone looking to handle. Big or small, new or established, all types of businesses and organizations seek out brand ambassadors and endorsements. This new channel has many benefits that a savvy entrepreneur cannot afford to miss out on.STEPS TO GETTING COVERAGE FROM LEADING BLOGGERSAs with any business relationship, nothing can be stepped into without adequate research, a plan of action and a clear expectations and goals. This is also true for forming lasting relationships with bloggers as part of your organization’s public relations strategy. Some key steps and important aspects of forming this relationship are discussed below.Step #1: Identify the Right BloggersThe first, and most important step is to research and locate the right and relevant bloggers to work with. You could pick an extremely popular one but without connection to the right industry, or you could pick the one most relevant to your product but not agree with their brand and image as a match for your brand. This is a task that requires time, patience and some detective work. Along with these, there needs to be a realistic expectation of what will emerge from the relationships. Top bloggers are also approached more frequently and will often have a backlog of messages to respond to as well as pending requests for reviews and endorsements.A good idea then may be to identify some top tier bloggers and some that are just starting out but have a goo d mix of followers. This will allow you to get the conversation around your product started while more established bloggers are reached. Start with a strategy and a plan of action and outline what the key criteria are for blogger selection. Some things to look out for in the right blogger include:Does the blogger write well?Is the content thoughtful and engaging?How regularly does the blogger post? Is it at least once or twice a week?Are there positive mentions or link backs from other, more respected bloggers?Is it easy to contact the blogger and do they respond appropriately?Some online tools can help find the right bloggers for your industry. These include:Klout â€" This service measures social media influence and covers both companies and individuals.Technorati â€" This is a blog directory that helps locate the most popular and influential blogs in an industry.Tomoson â€" This website matches bloggers with companies offering free samples for review.Page Rank Checker â€" Through this service, you can check any site’s Google PageRank, which identifies the site’s importance and position in search engine results.Step #2: Know Their Audience before Sending a PitchAs you select the bloggers that appear right for your product, brand and idea, you also need to consider if you work for their brand and image. Take some time to read through their blog and study the profile of their audience. Bloggers build up an audience based on their opinions about a particular area of interest. So if you approach the wrong blogger with your product, you may end up getting negative press. Maintain a database of each blogger you identify as a potential option and add in their handle, a profile of their audience, their areas of interest, blog address and where you are in forming a relationship with them.Step #3: Consider Your ApproachBloggers are generally open to communicating with new people. The nature of their chosen profession is public and they choose to openly write about their favorite topics, culture and industry. When approaching a blogger, look carefully through their website first. Most provide a brief message or policy statement about how they can be contacted and any dos and don’ts. Honoring their wishes helps establish the relationship on a positive note. Contact itself should be through a brief email, where you introduce yourself, establish why you contacted them, and make your intentions clear through a brief but effective pitch. Any supplementary information can be attached as well or provided on request. A good way to make your offer stand out from the crowd is to offer them something such as expert views on the industry, answer their questions or serve as an editorial resource.Step #4: Promote Blog ContentWhen communication has been established and the blogger reviews your product or service, then it is up to you to share their post on your blog, website and social media. This helps give your business credibility and is the reason for approaching bloggers in the first place. It also gives the blogger airtime which is a positive for them, driving more traffic to their site and increasing their followers. Let the blogger know that their post has been shared and where they can access it.Step #5: Build a Strong RelationshipA strong relationship needs to be built carefully from the ground up. This involves taking small but important steps and keeping up the effort till the relationship has been solidified. Even then, the work needed to continue to maintain this relationship is never over. A good way to begin is by engaging the blogger in question over social media. Reply to something they posted, retweet their post or comment on a new blog post. Start out small as a small blip on their radar. Start building this relationship before you actually need something in return. If you start out when a launch or an event is upcoming, then you are more likely to make desperate decisions or advances that are seen as pushy by the blogger. When introducing yourself, keep in mind how you can be of help to them and mention these options to them.Step #6: Build a Long-Term RelationshipAs with traditional media, it is good practice to keep in touch with an occasional email, call or message to make sure the relationship is built up over time. Relationships can even be maintained over social media by sharing and appreciating their posts or more in depth through coffee meetups to discuss opportunities. If you approach people without an agenda, they are more likely to entertain your requests without seeing any as selfish or one-sided.Step #7: Build Friendships not ContactsThe best way to approach blogger relationships is to form a friendship and not a business contact. This means that your communication with them should be individual and personalized, never part of a mass email containing many other people. This also does not mean becoming overly familiar before a comfort level has developed. The fine line between pe rsonal and professional needs to be maintained initially, till both parties are at the right level and understand each other. As friends, you will have the benefit of having your communication immediately noticed by the blogger and for them to have an incentive to put you at the front of their cue without needing to push for this.Step #8: Offer ExclusivesOften, to strengthen a relationship or even to build one, you may need to offer your blogger of choice an exclusive look and the option of reviewing a product before anyone else, often before it is launched in the market for mass consumers. Let the blogger know that they have exclusive access and they will most often be excited about coming on board. Bloggers want to be the influencer and though leaders in their community and this will help strengthen their position. Remember to let them make their own mind about the product. You may offer an exclusive but you cannot buy the content of their review. If the product is sound, I will s tand for itself and the review will be positive adding credibility to the exchange.Step #9: Follow-UpThe importance of strong follow-up cannot be minimized. This applies to the world of blogger relations as well. This does not mean that you send them a product and immediately start badgering for a response or a review. Give them adequate time to get around to your product, test it out and then ask if they require any further information or support from you to make their review process easier. This can help tie down a date for the review and helps make sure that the product does not slip through any cracks.Step #10: Thank and Give CreditThis an obvious point but one that can be neglected because of being so obvious. People may forget to do so but thanking a blogger for their support and providing the right credit goes a long way towards establishing a positive relationship. Never forget common courtesy and remember to put in the same effort at the end of a transaction as you do at th e beginning, when you are trying to secure their support.EXAMPLES OF LEADING BLOGGERS INFLUENCELorna JaneKristen Mathews, marketing and community manager at  GroupHigh, a blogger identification and analysis platform writes about Australian brand Lorna Jane. She mentions how brands either work with blogger networks or agencies, or own their blogger relationships in-house.Lorna Jane managed to create a blogger outreach program in the middle of these two approaches. The brand began in Australia and sells yoga and running clothes. It has been gathering success rapidly in the United States. A big part of this success is their focus on blogger outreach.Blogger OutreachThe company works hard to create ongoing and long term relationships with the right bloggers. The company uses a campaign approach to scale different products and messaging. The company makes sure that its blogger outreach strategy is aligned with its marketing strategy. The company maintains a network of bloggers, who are f ans of the brand and continue to write about it on a continuing basis.With each new store opening, the company reaches out to the brand fans in that city and they are invited to come visit the store, try on the products and take home a free item. This creates true word of mouth buzz about the store that is not manufactured or paid for.When a specific area needs to be promoted, the company works out a scalable and scheduled campaign with its blogger network. Working with bloggers helps a brand achieve a network effect. This means that a group of people who have influence over their unique customer base post about a brand or product at a scheduled time. This means a positive outpour for the brand across social media channels by multiple influencing forces, leading to immediate brand awareness and buzz.KoogalThis online store was created by Australian Tram Tran in February 2013. The brand sells fashion items to women in the age range of 16 to 26. The company began when Tran was still i n university and sold clothes on eBay. She eventually made the decision to make her own store to cut out the fees she needed to pay eBay and PayPal.Once an online store was established, Tran realized the need to bring people into it. She used two strategies. The first was Google Adwords and the second was Blogger outreach. Says Tran, I researched all the keywords and figured out which ones had the best success rate when it comes to conversions. We set a budget of how much we would spend a day. We started out with $20 a day. Now weve increased it to $40 a day.Blogger OutreachApart from Adwords, Tran also realized the need to understand how her target market made purchase decisions. She began by looking at what the target market was reading. Since she was a big fan of fashion blogs herself, she decided to use this channel to market her brand. She identified bloggers and sent them sample products. These were mostly dresses and in 2013, she sent more than 40 dresses out to bloggers. Alm ost all of these bloggers featured the dress on their blog. With each feature, traffic to Tran’s site would increase as much as 5 times the normal amount as well as a substantial increase in sales revenue. Tran doesn’t pay a majority of the bloggers, so the cost of advertising is minimal. Where she does pay, usually to more popular bloggers, this is disclosed in the review or feature.

High School Students Should Not Receive An Education Essay

Throughout my days of being a high school student I have always been dedicated to doing all of my work and trying my best to do well in school. Might have had certain times where I didn’t feel like doing things but majority of the years in high school I have been working hard to get where I am at right now. The fundamental principle in Rich’s article is that females, as students should not receive an education, but to claim one. In Adrienne Rich s commencement speech, Claiming an Education  , Rich expresses her opinion on women s education and how it should be. Throughout history, women have had little chance to even get a higher education. While this has changed, what is taught has not. In today s society, it is necessary to change things that were previously unheard of. What is taught today is taught from a man s point of view. Not just man in general however. Women and minorities are, for the most part, excluded from giving their point of view. Adrienne Rich writes of the importance of claiming or receiving an education, a dilemma faced in most schools and curriculums across the world. Rich says that both students and professors are a part of the problem, â€Å"but ultimately those two parts are indivisible,† (1). Rich points out the problems with institutionalized education and says that â€Å"if university education means anything beyond the processing of human beings into expected roles, thr ough credit hours, tests, and grades, †¦ it implies an ethical and intellectualShow MoreRelatedThe American Education System1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system is set up to create a clear division between the social classes. The quality of the education that children receive depends on whether they attend an elite school or urban schools. Elite schools are located in upper class neighborhoods. Students who attend elite schools receive high quality education. Demographically, the majority of students who attend elite schools are Caucasian. This does not necessarily have much to do with the skill level of the students who applyRead MoreHigh School Should Be Mandatory863 Words   |  4 PagesAll through high school one always wonders why certain courses have to be taken. Thinking certain courses are a waste of one’s time and how it takes 12 years just to receive a diploma. Sounds crazy to think half of one’s life is spent in school preparing to receive a better understanding of education. During graduation, walking through the stage makes one along other proud and accomplished of all the efforts that took place. This not only helps one become more educated and aware of the things goingRead MoreUniversity Education Should Be Free For Students With 3.0 Grade Point Average Or Higher998 Words   |  4 Pagesare many students that are struggling to pay for a university education and lately a university education is getting more and more expensive each year. There are many students who graduate high school but don’t receive a university education because they can’t afford one. Most of those students are really smart and can go somewhere in life, but they end up working for a minimum wage because a university education is just too much for them. For that reason, a university education should be free forRead MoreGraduation Speech : Special Education Program1088 Words   |  5 PagesUsually high school students meet with the counselor and follow a determined set of coursework in order to graduate high school. However, if a student has been identified as a special needs student, the process of signing up for classes is not as simple as for other students. When trying to earn a high school diploma, special education students encounter difficulties not faced by their peers. The first step is for parents, school staff, and the student to meet and determine the best option forRead MoreThe Negativity Of The American Education System1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negativity of the American Education System The American Education System is not meeting the needs of current students. If anything, the system is not building a sturdy foundation for the future working class. Schools have existed for many years and every period they have worked differently. However, every school’s main purpose was to educate students to be efficacious later in life. 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Schools have existed for many years and through the years they have worked differently. However, every school’s main purpose was to educate students to be efficacious later in life. Modern day schools are corrupting students with added pressure, making fewer accommodations for special education students, and take away individualismRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1713 Words   |  7 Pagesmost profiting organizations in America. Recently there has been controversy in the world of college sports as to whether the college athletes that are making their universities and the NCAA money should receive payment while they are playing thei r respective sport. Many believe that these athletes should be paid. Others argue that they are already receiving numerous benefits for playing that sport from their universities. Many of the proponents of paying college athletes are current or former collegeRead MoreFactors that Create Limitations to the Students when Pursuing Life Opportunities1423 Words   |  6 PagesAn investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Offering education advances the minds of the people and gives them the tools to operate and construct todays future. Investing in education is an effective way of achieving this outcome and is practiced by many government. That stated, restrictions arise due to lack of resources based on inequity in our school system. In a modern time where education should be at its best, our education system lacks the benefits of enhancing the minds of the futureRead MoreThe Benefits of a Liberal Arts College904 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you ask any high school senior the quest ion, do you want to receive a higher education, the answer in more recent times has become yes. Why? Because more often times than not higher education to a high school senior means a chance at success. But choosing the right college depends on how one defines this term. The textbook definition of success is the accomplishment of an aim or purpose. So then the question becomes, what is the purpose of higher education? Is it to prepare us for one specific

The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous...

According to the Cornell University Law School’s ‘Legal Information Institute’, self-determination ‘denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order’. As a major concept of international law, self-determination gives people the right to control their own fates under certain fundamental criteria, and can be claimed by a minority that bases its lifestyle on an ethnic identity that is distinguishable from regular society, with a strong desire for cultural preservation. It has been considered to be a framework with the ability to guide legislative reforms within Australia, with an underlying ‘rights- based’ approach to Indigenous Issues. Self-determination is considered to be an important aspect of the legal system in regards to Indigenous Peoples, as it provides them a process of choice, to guarantee the practice of Indigenous social, cultural and economic needs. The 2007 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) states that ‘Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development’. The right to self-determination is born from the legal and cultural acknowledgement of Indigenous peoples as Australia’s first settlers, and is important in the context of the Australian Legal System. Self-determination may be used by the courts to interpret domestic legislation, as well asShow MoreRelatedThe Contemporary Concern Of Indigenous People At The International Platform Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe contemporary concern for indigenous people at the international platform gained its popularity from the long-standing Sui generis deviation of self-determination standard, that supplements the Sui generis deviation which the twentieth century classic colonialism repr esents (Anaya 1996). 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They can open wounds that are still healing and they can inflict great pain when used to refer to an entire group of people. It is important to understandRead MoreThe Formation Of The United Nations955 Words   |  4 Pagesand as nation-states defined borders, many local cultural groups became marginalized and disadvantaged as a result of political hegemony by majority populations. The formation of the United Nations (U.N.) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were created to link local and global communities, bypassing the actions of the nation-state, in an attempt to avoid repetition of the atrocities committed in the early part of the century (Niezen 2003, p.19). 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They face numerous legal issues in attempting to achieve their rights, so they have collectively united to access the remedies available to them to achieve justice. Broad characteristics to define them are highlighted in the Mick Dodson report and include: connection with territory thatRead MoreThe United States And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States and twenty-six other nations formed the United Nations in 1945, three years later in 1948 the United Nations released the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the U.S. was in favor for it. Article 25 of this Declaration states Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. 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World power at this time was often accumulated by Nations dominated by the Anglo Saxon races. This power often came at the expense of minorities in non-industrialized Nations. The forceful acquisition of territories by more advanced Nations often resulted from racists theories of white superiority. Notions of white

The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect Free Essays

We have always been fascinated by Darwin and his theories of evolution. With so many â€Å"schools of thought† of how the earth came into existence, it seemed impossible to narrow down our choices, analyze each theory, and prove everything that it postulates. It was a clear indication that the search for our ancestors, and the â€Å"missing link† will continue until an answer is sought. We will write a custom essay sample on The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, will we ever find out? For now, that remains to be seen. The Neanderthal man is believed to be one of the â€Å"missing links† in our ancestry. Like the Cro-Magnon man, Peking man, and Java man, this â€Å"species† became extinct 32,000 years ago. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the Neanderthal man and the possible theories that might have led to his extinction. The remains of the Neanderthal man, also known as Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, was discovered in 1856 by workers quarrying for limestone in Neander Valley, Dusseldorf, Germany. These fossils were also found in other parts of Europe and Asia. They were considered a subspecies of humans because upon examination, they had features that are almost similar with humans, except for heavy brow ridges, a long low skull, and a robust skeleton (Foley, 2002). Neanderthals were shorter than the modern man, and as previously stated, had prominent brow ridges. Aside from that, they had low, sloping foreheads, a chinless and heavy, forward-jutting jaw, extremely large front teeth, wider shoulders and pelvis, more conical rib cage, and shorter forearms and lower legs (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005). Some scientists, majority of which are paleoanthropoloists, claim that these were not a subspecies of humans because of their more â€Å"primitive† appearance. According to Stringer and Gamble (1993), the Neanderthals are a late form of Homo erectus or a descendant of that species. It was believed that the Neanderthals have been living in Europe 200,000 years before the Homo sapiens arrived (BBC News, 2007).In van der Dennen’s Book Review Essay on Neanderthal Man (2005), he stated that: This was the first evidence of a distinct (and now extinct) species or subspecies of human, Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, that lived during the later part of the Pleistocene epoch, more familiarly known as the Ice Age, some 200,000 to 30,000 years ago. During 1917, Emil Bachler, in one of his excavations in the mountains of Switzerland, found no fossils of the Neanderthals (Van der Dennen, 2005). However, Mousterian tools and the remains of many cave bears were in abundance. Mousterian tools were most closely associated with Neanderthals. Bachler also felt that the bones and the tools were part of a ritual, and believed that the Neanderthals practice some sort of   â€Å"bear cult† (Van der Dennen, 2005). This led to the notion that the Neanderthals, like humans, had some form of communication and â€Å"culture†. When the fossil of this subspecies was studied by world-renowned pathologist and anatomist, Rudolf Virchow, he found out that the remains had evidence of rickets and osteoporosis, and he attributed this to the ape-like appearance of Neanderthals. Rickets and Osteoporosis is a manifestation of Vitamin D deficiency. Francis Ivanhoe (1970) in his paper supported Virchow’s   statement and postulated that the disease causes skeletal deformities and enlargement of the liver and spleen (Thompson, 2002). This maybe true because in the Pleistocene epoch, more commonly referred to as the â€Å"IceAge†, sunlight was a rarity. Vitamin D, in itself is stored in an inactive form and in order for it to be utilized by the body, it needs to be converted to its active form by UV rays (good source, sunlight). Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of fossils recovered during this era had evidence of bone deformities. However, Trinkaus and Shipman (1992), claimed that Neanderthal features are not caused by these bone diseases and argued that the bones of the 1st Neanderthal, were about 50% thicker than the average modern man. Klein (1989), supported this idea by comparing the long bones of Neanderthals and those of rickets’ victims. He claimed that both of their long bones are more curved than normal but rickets causes a sideways curvature of the femur, while Neanderthal femurs curve backwards. If Neanderthals are more human than ape, then it should follow that these subspecies should have survived today. Surprisingly, this is not the case. One of the earliest theories of the extinction believe that the â€Å"Ice Age† era, with its harsh climate, could have killed the Neanderthals. It points out that during this period, it was not only the climate that affected them, but the scarcity of resources were a factor as well. However, Professor Katerina Harvati, a palaeoanthroplogist from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Germany, said: â€Å"The more controversial date of circa 24,000 years ago, places the last Neanderthals just before a major climate shift that would have been characterised by a large expansion of ice sheets and the onset of cold conditions in northern Europe† (Morrelle, 2007). Another theory is is the â€Å"candelabra model† or â€Å"multiregional evolution† theory. According to Trinkaus and Shipman (1992): â€Å"Though the evidence in different regions of the Old World records genuinely different events, nowhere is there evidence for violent confrontations between Neandertals and modern humans (myths notwithstanding). The mosaic of local evolution, migration, admixture, absorption, or local extinction of Neandertals was a complex process that occurred over the last 10,000 years† (p.416). But, Tattersall (2005), in his book, had another theory. He is convinced that the extinction of Homo neanderthalensis was brought about by the arrival of the more intelligent and   more adaptable Homo sapiens, and that the latter killed the race of the former. On his book he wrote: â€Å"It is vanishingly unlikely, however, that peaceful assimilation was an overall option, with groups of the two kinds of humans [the resident Homo neanderthalensis and the invading Homo sapiens or Cro-Magnons] exchanging members when they met and going their separate ways, or joining forces. More likely, perhaps, if intermixing is to be considered at all, is a scenario of well-equipped and cunning Homo sapiens descending on Neanderthal groups, killing the males – through strategy and guile, certainly not through strength – and abducting the females†(p. 202). However, there was no evidence of large scale killings (Richards, 1987), and the theory of â€Å"Biological displacement† was proposed. It states that the Neanderthals and modern man (Cro-Magnons), coexisted and lived side by side. But, due to the fact that humans are much more intelligent than these subspecies, they might have indirectly led to the extinction of Neanderthals by driving them away from their territories. These led to occasional violence between the groups, but, as expected the humans won, driving them to places with insufficient resources for sustenance. Ironicallly, the very species that are studying these Neanderthals are the cause of their extinction. Works Cited â€Å"Neanderthal Man.† Columbia Encyclopedia 6th edition. 2005. Foley, Jim. â€Å"Creationist Arguments: Neandertals† 31 October 2002. Talkorigins. 14 September 2007 http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/a_neands.html Ivanhoe, Francis. â€Å"Was Virchow Right About Neanderthal?† 1970. Nature, 227:577-579 Klein, Richard. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 1989. Morrelle, Rebecca. â€Å"Neanderthal Climate Link Debated†. 13 September 2007 BBC News. 15 September 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6992721.stm Richards, G. Human Evolution: An Introduction for the Behavioural Sciences. 1987. Stringer, Andrew and Clive Gamble. In Search of Neanderthals. 1993. Tattersall, Ian. The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. 2005. Thompson, Bert. â€Å"Neanderthal Man – Another Look.† May 2002. Apologetics Press. 15 September 2007 http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/491 Trinkaus, E., and P. Shipman. The Neanderthals: Changing the Images of   Mankind. 1992. Van der Dennen, Johan. â€Å"The Continuing Essay of Neanderthal Man: Book Essay.† 2005. Rechten University of Goningen. 15 September 2007 http://rechten.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/departments/Algemeen/overigepublicaties/2005enouder/NEANDER/NEANDER.pdf â€Å"The Day We Learned To Think – Programme Summary.† 20 February 2007. BBC News. 14 September 2007 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/learnthink.shtml    How to cite The Neanderthal Man In Retrospect, Essay examples

New England DBQ Essay Example

New England DBQ Essay Even though the New England and Chesapeake regions were settled by people from the same country, they developed into very different societies because their original settlers were tremendously diverse. The Chesapeake region inclined more towards work and business, while the New England region was very family oriented. While the emigrants to the Chesapeake region came for financial reasons, the Puritans came to New England to run from religious persecution. And finally, the Chesapeake area was very unstable and under conflict while the North maintained law and order. Emigrants to the Chesapeake settled primarily for financial reasons, and the Puritans settled the New England area for religious matters. As we know, the Puritans originally settled in the Mass. Bay Area Colony and believed they were on a mission from God. God almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath disposedwe must knit together in this and work as one man (doc. A). The Puritans believed that they were an examp le for the rest of the world and that the eyes of all people are upon us. Emigrants to the Chesapeake region moved for financial reasons, most likely being young, indentured servants. Some of them believed that there was a treasure of gold in the colonies. They dug gold, washed gold, refined old, and loaded gold (doc. F). The emigrants were usually young, around ages 19-30 (doc. C) looking for a means of financial gain. Moving on, the Puritans of the New England area usually came to the New World with their entire families, while emigrants to the Chesapeake region were single, mostly young men. The Puritans hoped to establish communities in New England, thus they brought along their whole family. Joseph Hull, a minister, brought along his wife, 7 kids, and servants to the New World (doc. B). These people literally dug out their roots and planted them in the New World. On the other hand, emigrants to the Chesapeake region came to the bi

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland Reykjavik is the capital city of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country and with its latitude of 64Ëš08N, it is the worlds northernmost capital city for an independent nation. Reykjavik has a population of 120,165 people (2008 estimate) and its metropolitan area or the Greater Reykjavik area has a population of 201,847 people. It is the only metropolitan area in Iceland. Reykjavik is known as being Icelands commercial, governmental and cultural center. It is also known as being the worlds Greenest City for its use of hydro and geothermal power. What to Know About Iceland The following is a list of ten more facts to know about Reykjavik, Iceland: 1) Reykjavik is believed to have been the first permanent settlement in Iceland. It was established in 870 C.E. by Ingà ³lfr Arnarson. The original name of the settlement was Reykjarvik which loosely translated to the Bay of Smokes due to the regions hot springs. The additional r in the citys name was gone by 1300. 2) In the 19th century Icelanders began to push for independence from Denmark and because Reykjavik was the regions only city, it became the center of these ideas. In 1874 Iceland was given its first constitution, which gave it some legislative power. In 1904, executive power was given to Iceland and Reykjavik became the location of the minister for Iceland. 3) During the 1920s and 1930s, Reykjavik became the center of Icelands fishing industry, especially that of salt-cod. During World War II, the allies occupied the city, despite the German occupation of Denmark in April 1940. Throughout the war, both American and British soldiers built bases in Reykjavik. In 1944 the Republic of Iceland was founded and Reykjavik was named as its capital. 4) Following WWII and Icelands independence, Reykjavik began to grow considerably. People began to move to the city from Icelands rural areas as jobs increased in the city and agriculture became less important to the country. Today, finance and information technology are important sectors of Reykjaviks employment. 5) Reykjavik is the economic center of Iceland and Borgartà ºn is the financial center of the city. There are over 20 major companies in the city and there are three international firms with headquarters there. As a result of its economic growth, Reykjaviks construction sector is also growing. 6) Reykjavik is considered a multicultural city and in 2009, foreign-born peoples made up 8% of the citys population. The most common groups of ethnic minorities are Poles, Filipinos, and Danes. 7) The city of Reykjavik is located in southwest Iceland at only two degrees south of the Arctic Circle. As a result, the city gets only four hours of sunlight on its shortest day in the winter and during the summer it receives almost 24 hours of daylight. 8) Reykjavik is located on Icelands coast so the citys topography consists of peninsulas and coves. It also has some islands that were once connected to the mainland during the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. The city is spread out over a large distance with an area of 106 square miles (274 sq km) and as a result, it has a low population density. 9) Reykjavik, like most of Iceland, is geologically active and earthquakes are not uncommon in the city. In addition, there is volcanic activity nearby as well as hot springs. The city is also powered by hydro and geothermal energy. 10) Although Reykjavik is located near the Arctic Circle it has a much milder climate than other cities at the same latitude due to its coastal location and the nearby presence of the Gulf Stream. Summers in Reykjavik are cool while winters are cold. The average January low temperature is 26.6ËšF (-3ËšC) while the average July high temperature is 56ËšF (13ËšC) and it receives about 31.5 inches (798 mm) of precipitation per year. Because of its coastal location, Reykjavik is also usually very windy year round. Sources:Wikipedia.com. Reykjavik - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution Arnold Expedition - Conflict Dates: The Arnold Expedition took place from September to November 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Arnold Expedition - Army Commander: Colonel Benedict Arnold1,100 men Arnold Expedition - Background: Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen approached the Second Continental Congress with arguments in favor of invading Canada.   They felt this a prudent course as all of Quebec was held by around 600 regulars and intelligence indicated that the French-speaking population would be favorably inclined towards the Americans.   Additionally, they pointed out that Canada could serve as a platform for British operations down Lake Champlain and the Hudson Valley.   These arguments were initially rebuffed as Congress expressed concern over angering the residents of Quebec.   As the military situation shifted that summer, this decision was reversed and Congress directed Major General Philip Schuyler of New York to advance north via the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River corridor. Unhappy that he had not been chosen to lead the invasion, Arnold traveled north to Boston and met with General George Washington whose army was conducting a siege of the city.   During their meeting, Arnold proposed taking a second invasion force north via Maines Kennebec River, Lake Mà ©gantic, and Chaudià ¨re River.   This would then unite with Schuyler for a combined assault on Quebec City.   Corresponding with Schuyler, Washington obtained the New Yorkers agreement with Arnolds proposal and gave the colonel permission to commence planning the operation.   To transport the expedition, Reuben Colburn was contracted to build a fleet of bateaux (shallow draft boats) in Maine. Arnold Expedition - Preparations: For the expedition, Arnold selected a force of 750 volunteers which was divided into two battalions led by Lieutenant Colonels Roger Enos and Christopher Greene.   This was augmented by companies of riflemen led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Morgan.   Numbering around 1,100 men, Arnold expected his command to be able to cover the 180 miles from Fort Western (Augusta, ME) to Quebec in around twenty days.   This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61.   Though Montresor was a skilled military engineer, his map lacked detail and possessed inaccuracies.   Having gathered supplies, Arnolds command moved to Newburyport, MA where it embarked for the Kennebec River on September 19.   Ascending the river, it arrived at Colburns home in Gardiner the next day. Coming ashore, Arnold was disappointed in the bateaux constructed by Colburns men.   Smaller than anticipated, they were also built from green wood as sufficient dried pine had not been available.   Briefly pausing to permit additional bateaux to be assembled, Arnold dispatched parties north to Forts Western and Halifax.   Moving upstream, the bulk of the expedition reached Fort Western by September 23.   Departing two days later, Morgans men took the lead while Colburn followed the expedition with a group of boatwrights to make repairs as necessary.   Though the force reached the last settlement on the Kennebec,  Norridgewock Falls, on October 2,  problems were already widespread as the green wood led to the bateaux leaking badly which in turn destroyed food and supplies.   Similarly, worsening weather caused health issues throughout the expedition.   Ã‚         Arnold Expedition - Trouble in the Wilderness: Forced to portage the bateaux around Norridgewock Falls, the expedition was delayed for a week due to the effort required to move the boats overland.   Pushing on, Arnold and his men entered the Dead River before arriving at the Great Carrying Place on October 11.   This portage around an unnavigable stretch of the river stretched for twelve miles and included an elevation gain of around 1,000 feet.   Progress continued to be slow and supplies became an increasing concern.   Returning to the river on October 16, the expedition, with Morgans men in the lead, battled heavy rains and a strong current as it pushed upstream.   A week later, disaster struck when several bateaux carrying provisions overturned.   Calling a council of war, Arnold decided to press on and dispatched a small force north to attempt to secure supplies in Canada.   Also, the sick and injured were sent south. Trailing behind Morgan, Greenes and Enos battalions increasingly suffered from a lack of provisions and were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax.   While Greenes men resolved to continue, Enos captains voted to turn back.   As a result, around 450 men departed the expedition.   Nearing the height of land, the weaknesses of Montresors maps became apparent and the lead elements of the column repeatedly became lost.   After several missteps, Arnold finally reached  Lake Mà ©gantic on October 27 and began descending the upper Chaudià ¨re a day later.   Having achieved this goal, a scout was sent back to Greene with directions through the region.   These proved inaccurate and a further two days were lost.    Arnold Expedition - Final Miles: Encountering the local population on October 30, Arnold distributed a letter from Washington asking them to assist the expedition.   Joined on the river by the bulk of his force the next day, he received food and care for his sick from those in the area.   Meeting Jacques Parent, a resident of Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned that the British were aware of his approach and had ordered all boats on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to be destroyed.   Moving down the  Chaudià ¨re, the Americans arrived at Pointe-Levi, across from Quebec City, on November 9.   Of Arnolds original force of 1,100 men, around 600 remained.   Though he had believed the route to be around 180 miles, in actuality it had totaled approximately 350. Arnold Expedition - Aftermath: Concentrating his force at the mill of John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman, Arnold began making plans for crossing the St. Lawrence.   Purchasing canoes from the locals, the Americans crossed on the night of November 13/14 and were successful in evading two British warships in the river.   Approaching the city on November 14, Arnold demanded its garrison surrender.   Leading a force consisting of around 1,050 men, many of which were raw militia, Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean refused.   Short on supplies, with his men in poor condition, and lacking artillery, Arnold withdrew to  Pointe-aux-Trembles five days later to await reinforcements. On December 3, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who had replaced an ill Schuyler, arrived with around 300 men.   Though he had moved up Lake Champlain with a larger force and captured Fort St. Jean on the  Richelieu River, Montgomery had been forced to leave many of his men as garrisons at Montreal and elsewhere along the route north.   Assessing the situation, the two American commanders decided to assault Quebec City on the night of December 30/31.   Moving forward, they were repelled with heavy losses in the Battle of Quebec and Montgomery was killed.   Rallying the remaining troops, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to depart with the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was compelled to retreat following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being beaten at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, the Americans were forced to retreat back into N ew York, ending the invasion of Canada.      Ã‚         Selected Sources: Arnold Expedition Historical SocietyArnolds Expedition to QuebecMaine Encyclopedia: Arnold Expedition

Nmgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nmgmt - Essay Example geting but ‘orthodox’ planning approaches are insufficient for handling large-scale changes as opposed to incremental changes, according to Kotter and Cohen (2002). Significant structural changes had begun to take place in 1994 because of the arrival of free trade. Free trade in the UK’s market meant that foreign competition was coming and was providing local businesses with an opportunity to expand by means of acquisition. Charles Berry has quoted the response of his organization to the change. Even after everyone had agreed to a mutual point and the agreed suggestions were documented in a report, no real progress was made. Hence, all the planning efforts went down the drains because they were not put to work. Most of the industries are designed for incremental changes and commonly everyone associated knows about their business in some detail. Planning helps with such incremental changes where everyone is aware of the little details. However it is inadequate for managing large-scale changes. With non-incremental change, the analysis is often based on unclear assumptions because extrapolations from previous trends may be misleading. Charles Berry explains how his organization considered seven alternatives in an effort to evaluate the situation. In measurable terms, these included sales turnover, the number of employees, potential customer market, core business, competitors, beliefs and the proposed action steps. All the options were documented precisely and several meetings were conducted in order to visualize the propositions in a way that materialized the visions into a near reality. This provided a direction for the attainment of the vision and things got less vague. Hence, the approach , involving seeing, feeling, and changing, was particularly geared towards painting the picture or visualizing the future. There are four main elements involved in successful changes that occur on a large scale. These include plans, budgets, strategies, and visions.

Annual report for Intercontinental Hotels Group plc for the year ended Essay

Annual report for Intercontinental Hotels Group plc for the year ended 31 December 2011 - Essay Example $ in mn Revenue and Profits 2011 2010 % Inc. Sales 1768 1628 8.60 Operating profit 559 444 25.90 Exceptional items 35 15 133.33 Total operating profit 594 459 29.41 Profit before exceptional items 497 382 30.10 Tax -120 -98 22.45 Profit from continuing operations 377 284 32.75 Exceptional items 83 7 1085.71 Net profit including exceptional items 460 291 58.08 Financial position Good will and other intangible assets 400 358 11.73 Other non-current assets 1990 1952 1.95 Total non-current assets 2390 2310 3.46 Current assets 578 466 24.03 Total assets 2968 2776 6.92 Total current liabilities 860 921 -6.62 Total non-current liabilities 1553 1564 -0.70 Total liabilities 2413 2485 -2.90 Shareholders’ funds 555 291 90.72 Total capital employed 2968 2776 6.92 No. of shares 289472651 Shares issued during the year 1075438 Total number of shares 290548089 289472651 Financial Ratios Earnings per share (EPS) Profit from continuing operations/ 1.30 0.98 Number of shares outstanding ROCE Net income/Capital employed 12.70% 10.23% Operating profit margin (Excl. exceptional items) Operating profit /Capital employed 31.62% 27.27% Operating profit margin (Incl. exceptional items) Total Operating profit /Capital employed 33.60% 28.19% Net profit margin after tax (Excl. exceptional items) Net profit after tax excl. excep. items/Capital employed 21.32% 17.44% Net profit margin after tax (Incl. excep. items) Net profit after tax incl. excep. items/Capital employed 26.02% 17.87% Asset turnover Total sales/Total assets 0.60 0.59 Current ratio Current assets/Current liabilities 0.67 0.51 Acid test ratio Quick assets/Current liabilities 0.64 0.49 Receivables collection period Debtors (Trade and other receivables) 369.00 371.00 Total debtors/Sales x 365 76.18 83.18 Payables payment period Creditors (Trade and other payables) 707.00 722.00 Total purchases or cost of sales 771.00 753.00 Creditors/Cost of sales x 365 334.70 349.97 Gearing Total debt/Total equity 4.35 8.54 Interest cove r Interest charges (Interest) 64.00 64.00 Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT)/Interest 5.89 4.44 Price earnings ratio Share price as on 31 December ?11.57 ?12.43 Share price / EPS 8.92 12.67 Dividend cover Dividend paid to shareholders 148 121 Dividend paid/Net income 2.55 2.35 Revenue per available room Revenue per available room is up by 6.2% Revenue per room has been calculated by the company by dividing the total room revenue by the number of room nights available. Analysis of the financial performance and position InterContinental Hotels Group is a global hotel company, operating seven highly-respected brands internationally. Total number of rooms operating under IHG brands is 658,348 (4,480 hotels). IHG’s portfolio of brands includes Inter Continental Hotels & Resorts, Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Hotel Indigo, The Holiday Inn, Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites. The performance of the management should be viewed in relation to the industry for the purpose of meaningful evaluation. The revenue per availab

Low ÃŽ- Irradiation Doses on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Low Î’- Irradiation Doses on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae RESULTS OF LOW ÃŽ ²- IRRADIATION DOSES ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FERMETATION PROCESS LetiÃ…Â £ia OPREAN1, Dan CHICEA2, EnikÅ‘ GASPAR, Ecaterina LENGYEL Abstract Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast samples were irradiated using a 90Sr nuclear source. The results of this ongoing study reveal that the small irradiation doses used in the work reported here produce measurable changes in the fermentation parameters and in the lipid and phospholipid levels. Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, small doses, fermentation. 1. INTRODUCTION Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. Approximately 1500 species of yeasts have been described, most of which reproduce asexually by budding, although in a few cases by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or true hyphae as seen in most moulds. Industrial yeasts are of special interest for microbiology and biotechnology because they have a big content of lipids and phospholipids that are currently used in naturist products preparation. Nowadays, comprehensive research is being done with respect to the methods of obtaining lipids and phospholipids from lipid biocomponents, in order to identify new methods for obtaining liposomal substances, needed by the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and medical industry. At present, egg lecithin is being used instead but the use of this source has several drawbacks, such as for example the fact that it oxidizes easily. Eukaryotes (yeasts, fungi, algae) are the main microorganisms that produce lipids and phospholipids. Of great interest to microbiology and biotechnology are the researches conducted in the field of phospholipids synthesis, of obtaining phospholipids from microorganisms and of optimizing culture media for their cultivation. During the last decades, ionizing radiations have been investigated to determine their influence on living organisms. Radionuclides are released into the environment from various sources: nuclear accidents, as planned discharges from the nuclear power industry, disposal of radioactive waste, medical use, nuclear weapons development or recycling. Ionizing radiations are able to cause toxically and genetic effects on organisms, because radionuclides do accumulate in biotic and abiotic components of the environment [1]. Nuclear radiation can stimulate morphogenetic changes manifest in the early development stages [2], [3]. Nuclear radiation can directly disturb metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis, growth, plant respiration, active transport as well as ionic balance and enzyme synthesis [4]. The literature reveals that low doses of ionizing radiations can stimulate cell proliferation [5], [6]. In this study, we investigated the low doses of beta radiation influence on the four Sa ccharomyces cerevisia strings, mainly the influence on the fermentation process. The details of the samples irradiation and fermentation analysis are presented in sections 2 and 3. 2. SAMPLE IRRADIATION The samples were irradiated one at a time in an irradiation chamber that was build for this purpose. The hole in the upper part fits a glass tube than can be easily inserted and extracted. The tube is used to place the sample in the proximity of the beta irradiation source. The schematic of the irradiation chamber is presented in Fig.1. The dose debit through the glass tube, in the very location where the yest samples were placed one by one, was measured using a RFT KD27012 dosimeter with an ion chamber. Fig. 1 The beta-irradiation chamber The ÃŽ ²- source was 90Sr and decays by the scheme: (1) having Eà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢=546 keV, with a branching ratio of 100% [7]. The daughter nucleus, 90Y, is unstable as well. It decays by the scheme: (2) with the energies, branching ratios and half-lives presented in Table 1. Table 1 The ÃŽ ² energies, branching ratios and half-lives of the 90Y [7]. Eà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ (keV) Ià ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ (%) Half-life, hours 93.83 0.0000014 64.00 519.39 0.0115 64.00 642.77 0.0018 3.19 2280.1 99.9885 64.00 Four strings of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast samples were used. The first string, labeled SCP, was separated from Turkish yeast having the trademark Pakmaya. The second string was labeled SCO and was separated from yeast having the trademark Dr.Oetker. The third string, labeled SCSL, was separated from French yeast having the trademark Saff Levure. The fourth string, labeled SCH, was separated from Dutch yeast having the trademark Hollandia. Two sample of each string were prepared, having a suffix 1, for the control, nonirradiated samples and 2 for the irradiated samples. The yeast sample type, irradiation time and irradiation dosis are presented in Table 2 Table 2 The sample type, irradiation time and irradiation dosis Nr. Sample Irradiation time (h) Irradiation Dosis, (Gray) 1 SCP1 0 0 2 SCP2 5 12 3 SCO1 0 0 4 SCO2 5 12 5 SCSF1 0 0 6 SCSF2 5 12 7 SCH1 0 0 8 SCH2 5 12 3. Fermentation details Both the control and the irradiated samples were cultivated in Malt Agar. Malt Agar is used for isolating and cultivating yeasts and molds from food and for cultivating yeast and mold stock cultures [8], [9]. Malt Agar contains malt extract which provides the carbon, protein and nutrient sources required for the growth of microorganisms. Agar is the solidifying agent. The acidic pH of Malt Agar allows for optimal growth of molds and yeasts while restricting bacterial growth. The eight samples described above were subject to a fermentation process conducted in identical conditions, in an ECONOMY 20 fermenter. The temperature was maintained constant at 28 °C. The acidity was maintained at pH=5.8. The maltasic activity (which is defined as catalysis of the hydrolysis of maltose by an alpha-D-glucosidase-type action) and the CO2 emission were monitored for 96 hours [10]. The results of the fermentation activity, measured as CO2 emission and the maltasic activity measured at 24 hours interval are presented in Table 3. The CO2 emission at 24 hours interval is presented in Fig. 2 and the maltasic activity in Fig. 3. Table 3 Results of the fermentation activity Nr. crt. Yeast string CO2-24h maltasic activity 24 h CO2-48h maltasic activity 48 h CO2-72h maltasic activity 72 h CO2-96h maltasic activity 96 h 1 SCP1 0.5 780 1.5 810 1.3 800 0.3 760 2 SCP2 0.8 1220 1.6 1240 1.5 1200 0.5 1200 3 SCO1 0.7 840 1.3 850 1.1 830 0.2 820 4 SCO2 0.9 1280 1.7 1290 1.5 1280 0.4 1250 5 SCSL1 0.6 760 1.4 780 1.2 750 0.3 750 6 SCSL2 0.7 1190 1.5 1210 1.3 1160 0.3 1180 7 SCH1 0.7 860 1.4 920 1.1 900 0.4 850 8 SCH2 0.8 1230 1.6 1240 1.4 1220 0.2 1220 Fig. 2 The CO2 emission for the four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings Examining Table 1, Fig. 2 and 3 we notice that the fermentation process produced by the irradiated samples (batch having the suffix 2) is more intense, which is proved by the increased CO2 emission and by the increased maltasic activity. 4. Conclusions and discussions One of the efficient procedures to select high productivity yeasts is irradiating the samples with nuclear radiation. To our knowledge, results of ÃŽ ² irradiation on yeast have not been reported yet and the literature is poor in ÃŽ ² yeast irradiation [11]. Examining the results we can conclude that for all four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings the low 12 Gray ÃŽ ² irradiation dosis had a stimulating effect in respect of the fermentation process. The SCO and SCH strings had the higher stimulation effect. Fig. 3 The maltasic activity for the four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings We believe that the differences are produced by the yeast genome changes produced by à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ irradiation. The results of this ongoing study revealed that the small irradiation doses used in the work reported here produce measurable improvement in the fermentation parameters. Special care must be taken in evaluating the side effects of the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ irradiation REFERENCES V.I. Kryukov, V.I. Shishkin, S.F. Sokolenko, Radiacionnaja biologija. Radioekologija, 36, 209, (1996). I.W. Mericle, R.P. Mericle, Radiat. Botany, 7, 449, (1967). D. Chicea, M. Racuciu, Romanian Journal of Physics 52, 5-6, 589, (2007). V.A. Sidorov, Naukova dumka, Kiev, (1990). Conter, D. Dupouy, H. Planel, Int J Radiat Blot, 43, 421, (1983). F. Croute, J.P. Soleilhavoup, S. Vidal, S. Dupouy, H. Planel, Rad.Res., 92, 560, (1982). LBNL Isotopes Project Nuclear Data Dissemination Home Page. Retrieved March 11, 2002, from http://ie.lbl.gov/toi.html Ewing, Davis and Reavis, Public Health Lab. 15, 153, (1957). MacFaddin, Media for isolation-cultivation-identification-maintenance of medical bacteria, vol. 1, Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, (1985). H. Kuriyama, W. Mahakarnchanakul, S. Matsui, H. Kobayashi, Biotechnol. Lett., 15 (2), 189, (1993). J. Kiefer, M. Ebert, Biophysik., 6, 3, 271, (1970).

Heat of Formation of Magnesium Oxide

ObjetiveTo determine the heat formation of MgO (Magnesium Oxide) using Hess’s Law, which states the heat within a chemical reaction is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states.IntroductionChemical reactions require heat energy to complete, called an endothermic reaction, or produce heat energy, and thus called an exothermic reaction. The heat energy produced by such reactions can be measured using a calorimeter, a piece of equipment that can isolate the reaction in an insulated container. Using the calorimeter one can then determine the rise and fall in temperature of the reaction. When this temperature change is multiplied by the heat capacity, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree, we can measure the change in converting our initial components (reactants) to their respective products.In this experiment we will measure the amount of heat released from 3 reactions (ΔHA ΔHB ΔHC) and calculate the sum of all 3 reactions to determine ΔHT, which will give us the heat formation of MgO. If Hess’s law holds true and barring minimal experimental error, the pathway we use to determine ΔHT should have no bearing on our calculation matching the accepted calculation of MgO.MethodsAs per lab manual we used a calibrated calorimeter (using a rounded end thermometer so as to not puncture a hole in the calorimeter) to determine the heats of reaction for Magnesium (Mg) with Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Hydrochloric Acid with Magnesium Oxide (MgO). Then using mathematical formulas we were able to calculate the heat formation of MgO, which is measured in kJ/Mol. Since both reactions are in dilute water solutions of  HCl it was necessary to know the heat capacity of water, but because some heat would be transferred to the calorimeter whose heat capacity was unknown, we had to record a correction factor (x) based upon the specific heat of water using the equation [m(h2o)+X]Cwater+Δwate r=-1(m(ice water)CwaterΔtice water).We then recorded the mass (m) of room temperature water and ice water each in a respective cup and then poured the ice water into the room temperature water and recorded the temperature change. By knowing (x) we could then calculate the heat of reaction for Mg with HCl (ΔHA kJ/mol) and for HCl with MgO (ΔHB kJ/mol) using the equation q=m(HCl+X)C ΔT where m is the mass of the reactant used with Mg + X, C is the heat capacity of water (4.184 J/g °C), and ΔT is the total temperature change in each reaction. Using the results of these calculations and Hess’s law we can then determine the heat formation for MgO.DataAll mass readings are given in units of grams (g), and all temperature readings are given in degrees Celsius ( °C).Part AMass of the Calorimeter + RoomTemp Water (g)48.08Mass of room temp water (g)46.29Mass of Cal + room temp water + icewater (g)115.40Mass of ice water (g)67.32Temp of room temp water ( °C)42. 4Temp of the ice water ( °C)0.1Final temp. of room temp water ( °C)17.3Change in temp of ice water ( °C)17.2Change of temp of room temp water ( °C)-25.1Mass of the calorimeter (g)1.79Part 2AMass of Calorimeter (g)1.79Mass of Cal + HCl (g)103.55Mass of HCL (g)101.76Mass of Mg (g)0.5Temperature of HCl ( °C)20.3Final temperature of HCl + Mg ( °C)42.0Change in Temperature ( °C)21.7Part BMass of Calorimeter (g)1.79Mass of Cal + HCl (g)101.76Mass of HCl (g)99.88Mass of MgO (g)0.8Temperature of HCl ( °C)20.3Final temperature of HCl + MgO ( °C)25.8Change in Temperature ( °C)5.50Results and DiscussionTo calculate X using the equation [m(h2o)+X]Cwater+Δwater=-1(m(ice water)CwaterΔtice water) the variable X must be isolated and doing so we were than able to calculate the correction factor:Based on the calculations of the calorimeter correction factor, X was determined to be 0.158 g. Then using the equation q=m(HCl+X)C *ΔT, where q is equal to the amount of energ y given off, and than calculating the value in -kJ/Mol (because these are exothermic reactions) we were able to determine ΔHA and ΔHB.qA=m(HCl+X)C xΔTqA=(101.76 g + 0.158 g) x 4.184 J/g °C x 21.7 °CqA= 9250 J = 9.250 kJ 9.253602176qB= m(HCl+X)C xΔTqB=(101.76 g + 0.158 g) x 4.184 J/g °C x 5.50 °CqB=2350 J = 2.350 kJTo then calculate the heat formation of MgO ΔHT, the sum of all the reactions must be determined including ΔHC, the heat formation of water, which is already predetermined to be -285.8 kJ/mol. However to determine the proper equation for ΔHT, the stoichiometric equations must first be balanced:Therefore the heat formation of MgO was determined to be -618.35 kJ/mol. According to the textbook, the accepted value for ΔHT=-601.8 kJ/mol. To determine the accuracy of the calculation we can determine the % error:As far as accuracy goes a percent error of 2.75% is very acceptable. Because the methods of the experiment were conducted using a crude calorimeter I would have expected the percent error to be higher, assuming that because of it’s construction it would not have very high efficiency.I would expect that any error that might have occurred happened during the transference from one cup to another. Because the substances were transferred so quickly and taking into account the number of seconds that it took to replace the thermometer to begin recording data again it is possible that energy was either lost in the transfer or energy was lost before the recording was actually able to begin.ConclusionIn this lab we were able to determine the heat of formation of MgO using a simply constructed calorimeter, which was found to be -618.35 kJ/mol.

Analysis Of The Book The House On Mango Street

Taylor Christensen Mrs.Evans Fourth Period November, 7th 2016 The House on Mango Street In the novel, â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, author Sandra Cisneros portrays a story of a young girl, Esperanza who is completely dissatisfied with her life. She yearns for what she considers a perfect house and various other items that she believes will make her existence perfect. As she finds out who she truly is and what she is really good at, she becomes the person she had hidden all along. She was lost inside someone who was so conceited, and hoped for things that could never even happen. Unfortunately, when someone does not accept the realities of their life, maybe to make it better at some point, their situation becomes intolerable because this individual keeps searching for something that is unattainable. When her sister, Nene is mentioned in the story Esperanza always proclaims Nene as not a good enough friend/sister, another example of how nothing is good enough for her. Esperanza always says everything about her is bad luck, her name, her family history even the date she was born. On the Chinese calendar she is a horse which is bad luck. â€Å"Born like me in the Chinese year of the horse - which is supposed to be bad luck if you’re born female - but I think it’s a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the Mexicans, don’t like their women strong† (Cisneros 12). Already defeated, if you are never satisfied in life you will never be happy with yourself or others around you.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The House On Mango Street 1367 Words   |  6 PagesBaker ENG 102 – 2006 14 April 2017 Esperanza’s Mango Street The House on Mango Street is a short novel that packs a strong and deliberate message. At first, when reading the first few chapters, one assumes that this book is going to be a simple story about some young girl’s life, but as the reader continues to read on, that perspective about the story changes because of the story’s complexity. 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We read books like the Diary of Anne Frank, The Freedom Writers, and Romeo and Juliet, that I actually found interesting. They would give us the task of writing our own journals. We had to write an entry every day a page or more long, like Anne Frank and like TheRead MoreMy Experience At The Industrial Revolution Debate838 Words   |  4 Pagesme was the Industrial Revolution debate. I performed poorly on the last debate, so I saw this one as an opportunity to do better. I did slightly better on this one. My greatest challenge in LA this term were probably the annotations on The House On Mango Street. I did them pretty well in the end, but they took me about an hour per page, and sometimes we had over four pages to read and annotate. In Social Studies, my greatest challenge was probably the causal loop diagrams because it took me a while

The Columbine High School Shooting By Rachel Joy Scott

Imagine a mother waiting for her daughter to return from school, imagine a father watching other families reunite, and imagine a brother searching for his sister. The sound of opened gunfire rang out loud enough to echo the hall of every high school in the United States. A mass murder of 15 people and 24 injured, one of the worst school shootings in history, left a nation shocked and parents devastated. In less than an hour millions of families lives were altered forever. One family in particular is the Scott family whose youngest child, Rachel Joy Scott, was shot and killed in the Columbine High School shooting. Rachel was a young woman who spent her 17 years of life trying to have an impact on the world. She went out of her way to make other students feel safe and included. Just the simple act of inviting someone to sit at her lunch table or stopping an act of bullying made the day of those around her. Rachel believed that her hands, â€Å"†¦will someday touch millions of peo ple’s hearts,† and in her honor, the Rachel’s Challenge organization was founded. At my former high school, Winslow Township High School (WTHS), the Rachel’s Challenge program was run by Ms. Chantel Smith and a major part of this club was an event in the gymnasium every other year called â€Å"Chain Reaction.† In my junior year I was invited to go to the event and it transformed my life for the better. I learned a lot in high school, however the most important thing may have been the lesson in compassion IShow MoreRelatedColumbine Shooting Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesat Columbine High School. When asked to name a victim of the Columbine massacre, most people cannot produce a name but can name the shooters: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Too often do Americans and citizens of the world remember the perpetrators of tragedies rather than the victims themselves. In an article published by Newsweek written by Max Kutner named â€Å"Mass Shootings a nd News Media: A Connection?†, Anderson Cooper stated in an on air interview following the 2012 movie theater shooting in Aurora